LC3 exists as three highly homologous isoforms or paralogs. These are LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C. These LC3 paralogs have different patterns of expression in human tissues [see He, H et al. (2003) J Biol Chem 278(31), 29278-87 (PMID 12740394 Figure 2A; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12740394)] and undergo post-translational modifications during autophagy. Cleavage of LC3 (i.e., LC3A, LC3B, and/or LC3C) at the carboxy terminus immediately following synthesis yields the cytosolic LC3-I form. During autophagy, LC3-I is converted to LC3-II through lipidation by a ubiquitin-like system involving Atg7 and Atg3 that allows for LC3 to become associated with autophagic vesicles. The presence of LC3 in autophagosomes and the conversion of LC3 to the lower migrating form LC3-II are used as markers of autophagy.
Mutations in cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, mitophagy, necroptosis, and autophagy, contribute to neuronal cell death and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Organelle markers for immunofluorescence analysis from CST Cell Signaling Technology
Find out the best control cell extracts to use as positive or negative controls in your western blots, when studying apoptosis, autophagy, and mitophagy.
These antibodies to CNS markers can help study how LRRK2 mutations impact the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP) and contribute to Parkinson's disease.
List of publications based on primary research done by the Cancer Research Group at CST (2002-2013).
Discover the autophagy pathway and its crucial role in cellular homeostasis. Learn more and uncover the mechanisms of cellular self-degradation here.
The Histone Modification Table provides a referenced list of many known histone modifications, associated modifying enzymes, and proposed functions.
A comprehensive list of peer-reviewed publications from Cell Signaling Technology.
Our LC3 antibodies provide a good readout for autophagy, as indicated by changes in the abundance of LC3-II. However, our LC3 antibodies may have stronger reactivity with the type II (lipidated) forms as stated in the "specificity/sensitivity" sections of our LC3 antibody datasheets/webpages. In fact, this observation is characteristic to the target itself. Mizushima and Yoshimori T (2007) Autophagy 3(6), 542-5 (PMID: 17611390; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611390) discusses the interpretation of LC3 western immunoblots and the common observation that many LC3 antibodies have stronger immunoreactivity with LC3-II versus LC3-I, particularly antibodies that recognize N-terminal epitopes (e.g., #2775, #3868, and other CST LC3 antibodies). It is believed that PE-conjugation leads to a conformational change that better exposes epitopes at the N-terminus of LC3.
The abundance of LC3-II is generally very low without treatment. Glucose starvation, amino acid starvation, serum starvation, and rapamycin treatment have been shown in the literature to induce increases in the abundance of LC3-II. Our LC3 antibodies are generally quality control tested on extracts prepared from cells treated with and without 50 uM chloroquine overnight. Chloroquine prevents the turnover of autophagosomes by inhibiting lysosomal function (i.e., increases lysosomal pH), thereby leading to an artificial accumulation of autophagosomes within the cell. The increase in autophagosomes is accompanied by an increase in the type-II form of LC3.
Abnormal cell-cell communication, for example disrupted presynaptic input, as well as disrupted intracellular signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease.
该视频将将逐一介绍参与自噬信号通路的关键分子，包括ULK1 、Beclin1、LC3、Atg5，ATG12，P62等
Overview of autophagy signaling, antibodies and related reagents, interactive pathway diagrams, and technical resources for autophagy research.
Products and Related Resources for Cell Death and Viability SARS-CoV-2 Research
We have several antibodies for detecting the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) at Ser235/236 that are validated for IF-IC with mouse samples. These are Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) Antibody #2211, Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) (D57.2.2E) XP® Rabbit mAb #4858, Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) (91B2) Rabbit mAb #4857, Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) (2F9) Rabbit mAb #4856, and Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) (E2R1O) Mouse mAb #62016. All of these antibodies are suitable for immunofluorescence in mouse cells.
Cancer cells resist inhibitory signals that might otherwise stop their growth. The major pathways involved are Autophagy and Apoptosis.
Catalog numbers in tabular format for control cell extracts and proteins with links to product pages.
The regulation of ER stress and autophagy during viral infection is an important factor in the balance of virus and host survival.
Xenophagy provides an important defense against foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by targeting them for degradation through autophagy.
Autophagy is more than just the bulk degradation of intracellular components. It can also selectively degrade specific organelles, pathogens, and proteins.
ER-phagy is one of the key processes that regulates endoplasmic reticulum morphology and functions in the fragmentation and removal of segments of the ER.
Mitophagy is a well-studied example of selective autophagy. This post explores mitophagy functions and the consequence of excessive or inadequate mitophagy
Zika virus turns off Akt signaling to hijack autophagy in developing neural tissue
Streamline your oncology therapeutic development with CST recombinant monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and cellular assay kits, custom products, and services.
Streamline your neurodegeneration therapeutic development with CST recombinant monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and cellular assay kits, custom products, and services.
PD is characterized by functional loss in dopaminergic neurons, believed to be caused by disruption of proteins involved in cell quality control pathways.
Find validated CST® matched antibody pairs and streamline the development of your High-Throughput ELISA-Like Immunoassays for screening.
